Miss Sixty is a brand known for creating denims exclusively for women and has a unique, feminine, and seductive style. For children, Miss Sixty presents not just denim pants but also denim jackets, pinafore dresses, jumpsuits, and t-shirt dress.
John Galliano is famous for making unique avant-garde fashion, or haute couture. Although, for little girls’ fashion the brand designed a toned version of denim biker jacket which can be matched with a pair of Galliano denim biker jeans.
Then there are the usual popular designers Ralph Lauren, Gaultier, and Calvin Klein who are revered in the fashion world for creating great jeans and other casual clothing, as well as perfumes.
Other popular designer brands that are already making denim jeans and other garments for children are D&G, Roberto Cavalli, Fendi, and Marc Jacobs. And the list is virtually endless. If you can think of a famous brand then it will probably have a children or junior line that has designer jeans for girls.
Select Girls Accessories to Match
Accessories complement any girls’ outfit and are considered women’s greatest assets. They complete their look and make them even more beautiful. Accessories are available in the market, at your local store and from online fashion stores. A good accessory usually matches a girls’ personality and therefore time and resources are spent trying to find the perfect accessory.
Most stores which offer girls’ outfits also have a great variety of accessories. If you are looking for an accessory for a girl, look for something that is appropriate for their age and personality. This is essential when shopping for your little girl.
hair accessories are dependent on the girls’ individual hairstyle; some wear it long while others like their hair short. bows, headbands and clips are good for short hair while elastic holders like scrunchies are good for long hair.
Scarves can be experimented with when it comes to girls’ designer outfits. Hats for toddlers are also available. Those with floral designs are a favorite with parents. Hair bands and hats are effective in keeping little girls heads’ cool and protected from the suns’ heat.
Fluffy skirts are ideal for your little girl to show off the cute flabby legs. Mild shades like purple and yellow tops make them look and feel good in all seasons. Laced stuffs can also be worn. They are soft to the skin and therefore take care of the style and comfort of your little girl.
Footwear is essential to complete the adorable look for your little girl. Try fancy, soft shoes. They go well with parties and functions as well as day to day wear.
Mix and match during the cold season to make your little girl feel cosy and warm. To get a good combination you can do your shopping from online fashion stores. They offer a wide variety from which you can find great accessories for your girl.
About the Author
The author of this article has expertise in girls designer jeans. The articles on designer jeans for girls reveals the authors knowledge on the same. The author has written many articles on accessories for your girl as well.
Amazon shop Websites for Shopping Online Men Women Juniors Kids babyclothes Reviews
Abercrombie and fitch Outlet show you the fashion trend of the 2012 winter coats
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Four children, two of whom died young: Kit died of scarlet fever in April, 1876, and his daughter Orra died in 1880
William Frederick “Buffalo Bill” Cody (February 26, 1846 January 10, 1917) was an American soldier, bison hunter and showman. He was born in the Iowa Territory (now the American state of Iowa), near Le Claire. He was one of the most colorful figures of the American Old West, and mostly famous for the shows he organized with cowboy themes. Buffalo Bill received the Medal of Honor in 1872.
William Frederick Cody (“Buffalo Bill”) got his nickname after he undertook a contract to supply Kansas Pacific Railroad workers with buffalo meat. The nickname originally referred to Bill Comstock. Cody earned the nickname by killing 4,860 American Bison (commonly known as buffalo) in eight months (186768). He and Comstock eventually competed in a shooting match over the exclusive right to use the name, which Cody won.
In addition to his documented service as a soldier during the Civil War and as Chief of Scouts for the Third Cavalry during the Plains Wars, Cody claimed to have worked many jobs, including as a trapper, bullwhacker, “Fifty-Niner” in Colorado, a Pony Express rider in 1860, wagonmaster, stagecoach driver, and even a hotel manager, but it’s unclear which claims were factual and which were fabricated for purposes of publicity. He became world famous for his Wild West shows.
Early years
William Cody at age 19
While giving an anti-slavery speech at the local trading post, his father so inflamed the supporters of slavery in the audience that they formed a mob and one of them stabbed him. Cody helped to drag his father to safety, although he never fully recovered from his injuries. The family was constantly persecuted by the supporters of slavery, forcing Isaac Cody to spend much of his time away from home. His enemies learned of a planned visit to his family and plotted to kill him on the way. Cody, despite his youth and the fact that he was ill, rode 30 miles (48 km) to warn his father. Cody’s father died in 1857 from complications from his stabbing.
After his father’s death, the Cody family suffered financial difficulties, and Cody, aged 11, took a job with a freight carrier as a “boy extra,” riding up and down the length of a wagon train, delivering messages. From here, he joined Johnston’s Army as an unofficial member of the scouts assigned to guide the Army to Utah to put down a falsely-reported rebellion by the Mormon population of Salt Lake City. According to Cody’s account in Buffalo Bill’s Own Story, the Utah War was where he first began his career as an “Indian fighter”.
Presently the moon rose, dead ahead of me; and painted boldly across its face was the figure of an Indian. He wore this war-bonnet of the Sioux, at his shoulder was a rifle pointed at someone in the river-bottom 30 feet (9 m) below; in another second he would drop one of my friends. I raised my old muzzle-loader and fired. The figure collapsed, tumbled down the bank and landed with a splash in the water. ‘What is it?’ called McCarthy, as he hurried back. ‘It’s over there in the water,’. ‘Hi!’ he cried. ‘Little Billy’s killed an Indian all by himself!’ So began my career as an Indian fighter.
At the age of 14, Cody was struck by gold fever, but on his way to the gold fields, he met an agent for the Pony Express. He signed with them and after building several way stations and corrals was given a job as a rider, which he kept until he was called home to his sick mother‘s bedside.
Military service
circa 1875
After his mother recovered Cody wished to enlist as a soldier, but was refused for his age. He began working with a United States freight caravan which delivered supplies to Fort Laramie. In 1863 he enlisted as a teamster with the rank of Private in Company H, 7th Kansas Cavalry and served until discharged in 1865.
From 1868 until 1872 Cody was employed as a scout by the United States Army. Part of this time he spent scouting for Indians, and the remainder was spent gathering and killing bison for them and the Kansas Pacific Railroad. In January 1872 Cody was a scout for Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich of Russia’s highly publicized royal hunt.
Medal of Honor
Cody received a Medal of Honor in 1872 for “gallantry in action” while serving as a civilian scout for the 3rd Cavalry Regiment. In 1917, the U.S.Congressfter revising the standards for award of the medalevoked 911 medals previously awarded either to civilians, or for actions that would not warrant a Medal of Honor under the new higher standards. After Dr. Mary Edwards Walker’s medal was restored in 1977, other reviews began that led to Cody’s medallong with those given to four other civilian scoutseing re-instated on June 12, 1989.
In December 1872 Cody traveled to chicago to make his stage debut with friend Texas Jack Omohundro in The Scouts of the Prairie, one of the original Wild West shows produced by Ned Buntline. During the 1873-74 season, Cody and Omohundro invited their friend James Butler “Wild Bill” Hickok to join them in a new play called Scouts of the Plains.
The troupe toured for ten years and his part typically included an 1876 incident at the Warbonnet Creek where he claimed to have scalped a Cheyenne warrior, purportedly in revenge for the death of George Armstrong Custer.
It was the age of great showmen and traveling entertainers. Cody put together a new traveling show based on both of those forms of entertainment. In 1883 in the area of North Platte, Nebraska he founded “Buffalo Bill’s Wild West,” (despite popular misconception, the word “show” was not a part of the title) a circus-like attraction that toured annually.
In 1893 the title was changed to “Buffalo Bill’s Wild West and Congress of Rough Riders of the World”. The show began with a parade on horseback, with participants from horse-culture groups that included US and other military, American Indians, and performers from all over the world in their best attire. There were Turks, Gauchos, Arabs, Mongols and Georgians, among others, each showing their own distinctive horses and colorful costumes. Visitors to this spectacle could see main events, feats of skill, staged races, and sideshows. Many authentic western personalities were part of the show. For example Sitting Bull and a band of twenty braves appeared. Cody’s headline performers were well known in their own right. People like Annie Oakley and her husband Frank Butler put on shooting exhibitions along with the likes of Gabriel Dumont. Buffalo Bill and his performers would re-enact the riding of the Pony Express, Indian attacks on wagon trains, and stagecoach robberies. The show typically ended with a melodramatic re-enactment of Custer’s Last Stand in which Cody himself portrayed General Custer.
Sitting Bull and Buffalo Bill, Montreal, QC, 1885
The profits from his show enabled him to purchase a 4,000-acre (16 km2) ranch near North Platte, Nebraska in 1886. Scout’s Rest Ranch included an eighteen-room mansion and a large barn for winter storage of the show’s livestock.
In 1887 he took the show to Britain in celebration of the Jubilee year of Queen Victoria. The show was staged in London before going on to Birmingham and then Salford near Manchester, where it stayed for five months. In 1889 the show toured Europe. In 1890 he met Pope Leo XIII. He set up an exhibition near the chicago World’s Fair of 1893, which greatly contributed to his popularity, and also vexed the promoters of the fair. As noted in The Devil in the White City, he had been rebuffed in his request to be part of the fair, so he set up shop just to the west of the fairgrounds, drawing many of their patrons away. Since his show was not part of the fair, he was not obligated to pay the promoters any royalties, which they could have used to temper their financial problems.
Irrigation
Larry McMurtry, along with some historians such as RL Wilson, asserts that at the turn of the 20th century Buffalo Bill Cody was the most recognizable celebrity on earth. And yet, despite all of the recognition and appreciation Cody’s show brought for the Western and American Indian cultures, Buffalo Bill saw the American West change dramatically during his tumultuous life. Bison herds, which had once numbered in the millions, were now threatened with extinction. Railroads crossed the plains, barbed wire, and other types of fences divided the land for farmers and ranchers, and the once-threatening Indian tribes were now almost completely confined to reservations. Wyoming’s resources of coal, oil and natural gas were beginning to be exploited towards the end of his life.
Even the Shoshone River was dammed for hydroelectric power as well as for irrigation. In 1897 and 1899 Cody and his associates acquired from the State of Wyoming the right to take water from the Shoshone River to irrigate about 169,000 acres (680 km2) of land in the Big Horn Basin. They began developing a canal to carry water diverted from the river, but their plans did not include a water storage reservoir. Cody and his associates were unable to raise sufficient capital to complete their plan. Early in 1903 they joined with the Wyoming Board of Land Commissioners in urging the federal government to step in and help with irrigation development in the valley.
The Shoshone Project became one of the first federal water development projects undertaken by the newly formed Reclamation Service, later to become known as the Bureau of Reclamation. After Reclamation took over the project in 1903, investigating engineers recommended constructing a dam on the Shoshone River in the canyon west of Cody.
Construction of the Shoshone Dam started in 1905, a year after the Shoshone Project was authorized. Almost three decades after its construction, the name of the dam and reservoir was changed to Buffalo Bill Dam by an act of Congress to honor Cody.
Life in Cody, Wyoming
In 1895, William Cody was instrumental in the founding of Cody, the seat of Park County in northwestern Wyoming. The site where the community was established is now the Old trail Town museum, which honors the traditions of Western life. Cody first passed through the region in the 1870s. He was so impressed by the development possibilities from irrigation, rich soil, grand scenery, hunting, and proximity to Yellowstone Park that he returned in the mid-1890s to start a town. He brought with him men whose names are still on street signs in Cody downtown area Beck, Alger, Rumsey, Bleistein and Salsbury. The town was incorporated in 1901.
In November 1902, Cody opened the Irma Hotel in downtown Cody, a hotel named after his daughter. He envisioned a growing number of tourists coming to the town via the recently opened Burlington rail line. He expected that they would spend money at local business including the Irma Hotel. Cody also expected that they would proceed up the Cody Road along the North Fork of the Shoshone River to visit Yellowstone Park. To accommodate travelers along the Cody Road, Cody completed construction of the Wapiti Inn and Pahaska Tepee in 1905 and opened both to guests.
Cody also established the TE Ranch, which was located on the South Fork of the Shoshone River about thirty-five miles from Cody. When he acquired the TE property, he ordered the movement of Nebraska and South Dakota cattle to Wyoming. This new herd carried the TE brand. The late 1890s were relatively prosperous years for Buffalo Bill’s Wild West and he used some of the profits to accumulate lands which were added to the TE holdings. Eventually Cody held around eight thousand acres (32 km) of private land for grazing operations and ran about a thousand head of cattle. He also operated a dude ranch, pack horsecamping trips, and big game huntingbusiness at and from the TE Ranch, on the South fork of the Shoshone River. In his spacious and comfortable ranch house he entertained notable guests from Europe and America.
Cody brought his “Wild West Show” to an area of Mariners Harbor called Erastina (named for Staten Island promoter Erastus Wiman) for two seasons from June to October in 1886 and again in 1887. During the winter of 1886, the show moved indoors to Madison Square garden. His show, featuring Native Americans, trick riders, “the smallest cowboy” and sharpshooters (including Annie Oakley) is said to have drawn millions of visitors to the island.
His 1879 autobiography is titled The Life and Adventures of Buffalo Bill
Death
Buffalo Bill’s grave on Lookout Mountain in Colorado.
William F. Cody died of kidney failure on January 10, 1917, surrounded by family and friends at his sister’s house in Denver. Cody was baptized into the Roman Catholic church the day before his death by Father Christopher Walsh of the Denver Cathedral. Upon the news of Cody’s death, he received tributes from King George V of the United Kingdom, Kaiser Wilhelm II of Imperial Germany, and President Woodrow Wilson. His funeral was in Denver at the Elks Lodge Hall. Wyoming Governor John B. Kendrick, a friend of Cody’s, led the funeral procession to the Elks Lodge.
Contrary to popular belief, Cody was not destitute, but his once great fortune had dwindled to under $100,000. Despite his request in an early will to be buried in Cody, Wyoming, a later will left his burial arrangements up to his wife Louisa. To this day, there is controversy as to where Cody should have been buried. According to the writer Larry McMurtry, Harry Tammen and Frederick Gilmer Bonfils of the Denver Post, who had strong-armed Cody into appearing in their Sells-Floto Circus, either “bullied or bamboozled the grieving Louisa” and had Cody buried in Colorado. This is consistent with an account by Gene Fowler, who wrote Cody’s obituary for the Post under direction from Tammen and Bonfils.
On June 3, 1917, Cody was buried on Colorado’s Lookout Mountain in Golden, Colorado, west of the city of Denver, on the edge of the Rocky Mountains, overlooking the Great Plains. His exact burial site was selected by his sister, Mrs. Mary Decker, while looking over the area accompanied by W.F.R. Mills, manager of the Denver Mountain Parks. In 1948 the Cody branch of the American Legion offered a reward for the ‘return’ of the body, so the Denver branch mounted a guard over the grave until a deeper shaft could be blasted into the rock.
Legacy
Buffalo Bill Cody in 1903
In contrast to his image and stereotype as a rough-hewn outdoorsman, Buffalo Bill pushed for the rights of American Indians and women. In addition, despite his history of killing bison, he supported their conservation by speaking out against hide-hunting and pushing for a hunting season.
Buffalo Bill became so well known and his exploits so well entrenched in American culture that his character has appeared in many literary works, as well as television shows and movies, and on two U.S. postage stamps. Westerns were very popular in the 1950s and 60s, and Buffalo Bill would make an appearance in many of them. As a character, he is in the very popular Broadwaymusical Annie Get Your Gun, which was very successful both with Ethel Merman and more recently with Bernadette Peters in the lead role.
Having been a frontier scout who respected the natives, he was a staunch supporter of their rights. He employed many more natives than just Sitting Bull, feeling his show offered them a better life, calling them “the former foe, present friend, the American”, and once said,
“Every Indian outbreak that I have ever known has resulted from broken promises and broken treaties by the government”.
While in his shows the Indians were usually the “bad guys”, attacking stagecoaches and wagon trains in order to be driven off by “heroic” cowboys and soldiers, Bill also had the wives and children of his Indian performers set up camp as they would in the homelands as part of the show, so that the paying public could see the human side of the “fierce warriors”, that they were families like any other, just part of a different culture.
The city of Cody, Wyoming was founded in 1896 by Cody and some investors, and is named for him. It is the home of the Buffalo Bill Historical Center. Fifty miles from Yellowstone National Park, it became a tourist magnet with many dignitaries and political leaders coming to hunt. Bill did indeed spend a great amount of time in Wyoming at his home in Cody. However, he also had a house in the town of North Platte, Nebraska and later built the Scout’s Rest Ranch there where he came to be with his family between shows. This western Nebraska town is still home to “Nebraskaland Days,” an annual festival including concerts and a large rodeo. The Scout’s Rest Ranch in North Platte is both a museum, and a tourist destination for thousands of people every year.
Buffalo Bill became a hero of the Bills, a Congolese youth subculture of the late 1950s who idolized Western movies.
The nickname of the K.A.A. Gent football club in Ghent, Belgium is De Buffalo’s (The Buffalos), which was adopted after the Wild West Show visited the area in the early 1900s.
In film and television
On television, his character has appeared on shows such as Bat Masterson and even Bonanza. His persona has been portrayed as anything from an elder statesman to a flamboyant, self-serving exhibitionist. Buffalo Bill has been portrayed in the movies and on television by: bill the buffalo
Himself (1898 and 1912)
George Waggner (1924)
John Fox, Jr. (1924)
Jack Hoxie (1926)
Roy Stewart (1926)
William Fairbanks (1928)
Tom Tyler (1931)
Douglass Dumbrille (1933)
Earl Dwire (1935)
Moroni Olsen (1935)
Ted Adams (1936)
James Ellison (1936)
Carlyle Moore (1938)
Jack Rutherford (1938)
George Reeves (1940)
Roy Rogers (1940)
Joel McCrea (1944)
Richard Arlen (1947)
Enzo Fiermonte (1949)
Monte Hale (1949)
Louis Calhern (1950)
Tex Cooper (1951)
Clayton Moore (1952)
Rodd Redwing (1952)
Charlton Heston (1953)
William O’Neal (1957)
Malcolm Atterbury (1958)
James McMullan (1963)
Gordon Scott (1964)
Guy Stockwell (1966)
Rufus Smith (1967)
Matt Clark (1974)
Michel Piccoli (1974)
Paul Newman (1976)
Buff Brady (1979)
R. L. Tolbert (1979)
Ted Flicker (1981)
Robert Donner (1983)
Ken Kercheval (1984)
Jeffrey Jones (1987)
Stephen Baldwin (1989)
Brian Keith (1993)
Dennis Weaver (1994)
Keith Carradine (1995)
Peter Coyote (1995)
J. K. Simmons (2004)
Frank Conniff (2005)
Cameron Klinger (2008)
Nicholas Campbell (2009)
William Cody’s statue at the Buffalo Bill Historical Center in Cody, Wyoming.
The false Italian pedigree
Italy was among many countries where stories recounting various adventures attributed to Buffalo Bill were highly popular. In the 1930s and 1940s, the Nerbini Publishing House of Florence monthly published such brochures, sold at 60 centesimi each.
In 1942, when Fascist Italy found itself at war with the United States, the publisher added a note purporting to reveal that Buffalo Bill had actually been an Italian immigrant named Domenico Tombini, originally from Romagna, Mussolini’s own native province – a pedigree for which no shred of historical evidence exists. In this way, the adventures could continue publication in wartime Italy, under the title “Buffalo Bill, the Italian Hero of the Plains”.
Buffalo Bill’s / defunct
A free verse poem on mortality by E E Cummings uses Buffalo Bill as an image of life and vibrancy. The poem is generally untitled, and commonly known by its first two lines: “Buffalo Bill’s / defunct”, however some books such as Poetry edited by J. Hunter uses the name “portrait”. The poem uses expressive phrases to describe Buffalo Bill’s showmanship, referring to his “watersmooth-silver / stallion”, and using a staccato beat to describe his rapid shooting of a series of clay pigeons. The poem which featured this character caused great controversy. The fusion of words such as “onetwothreefourfive” interprets the impression which Buffalo Bill left on his audiences.
Other Buffalo Bills
Buffalo Bill is also the name of a musician/producer/M.C. from the group Mechanics of Sound. Buffalo Bill is most known for his work with Melodic Undertone Production Group and his help in the underground hiphop movement of San Antonio.
Buffalo Bill was the first song written by Australian country musicsinger Sara Storer. Living in Camooweal, north of Mount Isa, she met a retired water buffalo shooter whose stories inspired her to write Buffalo Bill, her first song. Buffalo Bill won a Golden guitar at the Tamworth Country music Festival in 2001 for New Talent of the Year and appears on her first album, Chasing Buffalos.
Buffalo Bill is also the name of a fictional character from Thomas Harris’s The Silence of the Lambs, who was also parodied in the movie Joe Dirt under the name Buffalo Bob.
Two television series, Buffalo Bill, Jr. (19556) starring Dickie Jones and Buffalo Bill (19834) starring Dabney Coleman, had nothing to do with the historic person.
The Buffalo Bills, an NFL team based in Buffalo, New York, were named after Buffalo Bill. Prior to that team’s existence, other early football teams (such as Buffalo Bills (AAFC)) used the nickname, solely due to name recognition, as Bill Cody had no special connection with the city.
The Buffalo Bills are a barbershop-quartet singing group consisting of Vern Reed, Al Shea, Bill Spangenberg, and Wayne Ward. They appeared in the original Broadway cast of The Music Man (opened 1957) and in the 1962 motion-picture version of that play.
Buffalo Bill is the title of a song by the jam band Phish.
Buffalo Bill is the name of a bluegrass band in Wisconsin.
Samuel Cowdery, buffalo hunter, “wild west” showman and aviation pioneer changed his surname to “Cody” and was often taken for the original “Buffalo Bill” in his touring show Captain Cody King of the Cowboys.
William Wilson “Buffalo Bill” Quinn: Retired Lieutenant General and Silver Star recipient. He served in World War II as a colonel and became a full colonel in Korea; and at the end of Korea became a Brigadier General.
Bungalow Bill is the title of a song by the Beatles that indirectly refers to Buffalo Bill.
Buffalo Bill is the title of a song by American rapper Eminem
See also
United States Army portal
American Civil War portal
List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Indian Wars
Ned Buntline: Contemporary of Buffalo Bill and author of successful dime novel series “Buffalo Bill Cody – King of the Border Men”
William “Doc” Carver
References
^ a b Herring, Hal (2008). Famous Firearms of the Old West: From Wild Bill Hickok’s Colt Revolvers to Geronimo’s Winchester, Twelve guns That Shaped Our history. TwoDot. pp. 224. ISBN 0762745088.
^ a b c Cody, Col. William F: “The Adventures of Buffalo Bill Cody”, 1st ed. page viii. New York and London: Harper & Brother, 1904
^ a b c d e f g h i j Wilson, R.L. (1998). Buffalo Bill’s Wild West: An American Legend. Random House. pp. 316. ISBN 978-0375501067.
^ a b c Carter, Robert A. (2002). Buffalo Bill Cody: The Man Behind the Legend. Wiley. pp. 512. ISBN 978-0471077800.
^ Miles from Nowhere: Tales from America’s Contemporary frontier, Dayton Duncan, U of Nebraska Press, 2000 ISBN 0803266278, 9780803266278
^ Polanski, Charles (2006). “The Medal’s History”. Congressional Medal of Honor Society. Archived from the original on September 28, 2007. http://web.archive.org/web/20070928073912/http://www.cmohs.com/medal/medal_history.htm.
^ Sterner, C. Douglas (19992009). “Restoration of 6 Awards Previously Purged From The Roll Of Honor”. HomeOfHeroes.com. http://www.homeofheroes.com/moh/corrections/restorations.html.
^ Performing the American Frontier, 1870-1906, Roger A. Hall, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p.54, ISBN 0521793203, 9780521793209
^ The life of Hon. William F. Cody, known as Buffalo Bill, the famous hunter, scout and guide. An autobiography, F. E. BLISS. HARTFORD, CONN, 1879, p329
^ Retrieved on 2008-06-07
^ Retrieved on 2008-06-07
^ Could Building Site be burial ground of the lost warrior from Buffalo Bill’s show? Retrieved on 2008-04-25
^ Kensel, W. Hudson. Pahaska Tepee, Buffalo Bill’s Old Hunting Lodge and Hotel, A History, 1901-1946. Buffalo Bill Historical Center, 1987.
^ Staten Island on the Web: Famous Staten Islanders
^ a b Lloyd, J & Mitchinson, J: “The Book of General Ignorance”. Faber & Faber, 2006.
^ Larry McMurtry: “Sacagawea’s Nickname”. New York Review of Books, 2001.
^ Colorado Transcript, May 17, 1917.
^ The false Italian pedigree of Buffalo Bill is one of the many items unearthed by Umberto Eco during his extensive research into the pulp literature and popular culture of Fascist Italy, undertaken for writing “The Mysterious Flame of Queen Loana”
Further reading
Buffalo Bill Days (June 2224, 2007). A 20-page special section of The Sheridan Press, published in June 2007 by Sheridan Newspapers, Inc., 144 Grinnell Avenue, Post Office Box 2006, Sheridan, Wyoming, 82801, USA. (Includes extensive information about Buffalo Bill, as well as the schedule of the annual three-day event held in Sheridan, Wyoming.)
Story of the Wild West and camp-Fire Chats by Buffalo Bill (Hon. W.F. Cody.) “A Full and Complete History of the Renowned Pioneer Quartette, Boone, Crockett, Carson and Buffalo Bill.”, c1888 by HS Smith, published 1889 by Standard Publishing Co., Philadelphia, PA.
The life of Hon. William F. Cody, known as Buffalo Bill, the famous hunter, scout and guide. An autobiography, F. E. Bliss. Hartford, Conn, 1879 Digitized from the Library of Congress.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Buffalo Bill
buffalobill.org
Works by Buffalo Bill at Project Gutenberg
Buffalo Bill Historical Center
The Scottish National Buffalo Bill Archive
Advert and press report about Buffalo Bill’s Wild West in Horsham, West Sussex, June 15, 1904
http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/wwquinn.htm
v d e
American Old West
Towns
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Prominent Figures
Wild West outlaws Wild West lawmen Cowboys and Cowgirls Wild Bill Hickok Elfego Baca Butch Cassidy Mangas Coloradas Calamity Jane Victorio Billy the Kid Chiricahua Wyatt Earp Virgil Earp Doc Holliday Bat Masterson Jesse James and the James-Younger Gang liver-eating Johnson Annie Oakley Buffalo Bill Kit Carson Sitting Bull James C. Cooney Goyaa (Geronimo) Tom Ketchum Cochise Sundance Kid Crazy Horse Touch the Clouds Red Cloud Soapy Smith Wild Bunch Black Bart Take Witk (Crazy Horse) Joaquin Murrieta Massai
Transport & trails
First Transcontinental Railroad Mormon trail Oregon Trail Pony Express Great Platte River Road Great Western Cattle Trail
Native Americans
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Andy Warhol was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. He was the fourth child of Ondrej Warhola and Ulja, whose first child was born in their homeland and died before their migration to the U.S. His parents were working-class immigrants from Mik (now called Mikov), in northeastern Slovakia, then part of Austro-Hungarian Empire. Warhol’s father immigrated to the US in 1914, and his mother joined him in 1921, after the death of Andy Warhol’s grandparents. Warhol’s father worked in a coal mine. The family lived at 55 Beelen Street and later at 3252 Dawson Street in the Oakland neighborhood of Pittsburgh. The family was Byzantine Catholic and attended St. John Chrysostom Byzantine Catholic church. Andy Warhol had two older brothers, Jn and Pavol, who were born in today‘s Slovakia. Pavol’s son, James Warhola, became a successful children’s book illustrator.
In third grade, Warhol had chorea, a nervous system disease that causes involuntary movements of the extremities, which is believed to be a complication of scarlet fever and causes skin pigmentation blotchiness. He became a hypochondriac, developing a fear of hospitals and doctors. Often bed-ridden as a child, he became an outcast among his school-mates and bonded strongly with his mother. At times when he was confined to bed, he drew, listened to the radio and collected pictures of movie stars around his bed. Warhol later described this period as very important in the development of his personality, skill-set and preferences.
Early career
Warhol showed early artistic talent and studied commercial art at the school of Fine arts at Carnegie Institute of Technology in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (now Carnegie Mellon University). In 1949, he moved to New York City and began a successful career in magazine illustration and advertising. During the 1950s, he gained fame for his whimsical ink drawings of shoe advertisements. These were done in a loose, blotted-ink style, and figured in some of his earliest showings at the Bodley Gallery in New York. With the concurrent rapid expansion of the record industry and the introduction of the vinyl record, Hi-Fi, and stereophonic recordings, RCA Records hired Warhol, along with another freelance artist, Sid Maurer, to design album covers and promotional materials.
Campbell’s Soup I (1968)
1960s
His first one-man art-gallery exhibition as a fine artist was on July 9, 1962, in the Ferus Gallery of Los Angeles. The exhibition marked the West Coast debut of pop art. Andy Warhol’s first New York solo Pop exhibit was hosted at Eleanor Ward’s Stable Gallery November 6-24, 1962. The exhibit included the works Marilyn Diptych, 100 Soup Cans, 100 Coke Bottles and 100 Dollar Bills. At the Stable Gallery exhibit, the artist met for the first time John Giorno who would star in Warhol’s first film, sleep, in 1963.[citation needed]
It was during the 1960s that Warhol began to make paintings of iconic American products such as Campbell’s Soup Cans and Coca-Cola bottles, as well as paintings of celebrities such as Marilyn Monroe, Elvis Presley, Troy Donahue, Muhammad Ali and Elizabeth Taylor. He founded “The Factory”, his studio during these years, and gathered around himself a wide range of artists, writers, musicians, and underground celebrities. He began producing prints using the silkscreen method. His work became popular and controversial.
Among the imagery tackled by Warhol were dollar bills, celebrities and brand name products. He also used as imagery for his paintings newspaper headlines or photographs of mushroom clouds, electric chairs, and police dogs attacking civil rights protesters. Warhol also used Coca Cola bottles as subject matter for paintings. He had this to say about Coca Cola:
What’s great about this country is that America started the tradition where the richest consumers buy essentially the same things as the poorest. You can be watching TV and see Coca Cola, and you know that the President drinks Coca Cola, Liz Taylor drinks Coca Cola, and just think, you can drink Coca Cola, too. A coke is a coke and no amount of money can get you a better coke than the one the bum on the corner is drinking. All the cokes are the same and all the cokes are good. Liz Taylor knows it, the President knows it, the bum knows it, and you know it.
New York’s Museum of Modern Art hosted a Symposium on pop art in December 1962 during which artists like Warhol were attacked for “capitulating” to consumerism. Critics were scandalized by Warhol’s open embrace of market culture. This symposium set the tone for Warhol’s reception. Throughout the decade it became more and more clear that there had been a profound change in the culture of the art world, and that Warhol was at the center of that shift.[citation needed]
A pivotal event was the 1964 exhibit The American Supermarket, a show held in Paul Bianchini’s Upper East Side gallery. The show was presented as a typical U.S. small supermarket environment, except that everything in it from the produce, canned goods, meat, posters on the wall, etc. was created by six prominent pop artists of the time, among them the controversial (and like-minded) Billy Apple, Mary Inman, and Robert Watts. Warhol’s painting of a can of Campbell’s soup cost $1,500 while each autographed can sold for $6. The exhibit was one of the first mass events that directly confronted the general public with both pop art and the perennial question of what art is (or of what is art and what is not).[citation needed]
As an advertisement illustrator in the 1950s, Warhol used assistants to increase his productivity. Collaboration would remain a defining (and controversial) aspect of his working methods throughout his career; in the 1960s, however, this was particularly true. One of the most important collaborators during this period was Gerard Malanga. Malanga assisted the artist with producing silkscreens, films, sculpture, and other works at “The Factory”, Warhol’s aluminum foil-and-silver-paint-lined studio on 47th Street (later moved to Broadway). Other members of Warhol’s Factory crowd included Freddie Herko, Ondine, Ronald Tavel, Mary Woronov, Billy Name, and Brigid Berlin (from whom he apparently got the idea to tape-record his phone conversations).
During the ’60s, Warhol also groomed a retinue of bohemian eccentrics upon whom he bestowed the designation “Superstars”, including Edie Sedgwick, Viva, Ultra Violet, and candy Darling. These people all participated in the Factory films, and some like Berlin remained friends with Warhol until his death. Important figures in the New York underground art/cinema world, such as writer John Giorno and film-maker Jack Smith, also appear in Warhol films of the 1960s, revealing Warhol’s connections to a diverse range of artistic scenes during this period.
Attempted assassination
On June 3, 1968, Valerie Solanas shot Warhol and art critic and curator Mario Amaya at Warhol’s studio. Before the shooting, Solanas had been a marginal figure in the Factory scene. She founded a “group” called S.C.U.M. (Society for Cutting Up Men) and authored the S.C.U.M. Manifesto, a separatist feminist attack on patriarchy. Over the years, Solanas’ manifesto has found a following. Solanas appears in the 1968 Warhol film I, A Man. Earlier on the day of the attack, Solanas had been turned away from the Factory after asking for the return of a script she had given to Warhol. The script, apparently, had been misplaced.
Amaya received only minor injuries and was released from the hospital later the same day. Warhol however, was seriously wounded by the attack and barely survived (surgeons opened his chest and massaged his heart to help stimulate its movement again). He suffered physical effects for the rest of his life. The shooting had a profound effect on Warhol’s life and art.
Solanas was arrested the day after the assault. By way of explanation, she said that “He had too much control over my life,” following which she was eventually sentenced to three years under the control of the department of corrections. After the shooting, the Factory scene became much more tightly controlled, and for many this event brought the “Factory 60s” to an end. The shooting was mostly overshadowed in the media due to the assassination of Robert F. Kennedy two days later.
Warhol had this to say about the attack: “Before I was shot, I always thought that I was more half-there than all-there I always suspected that I was watching TV instead of living life. People sometimes say that the way things happen in movies is unreal, but actually it’s the way things happen in life that’s unreal. The movies make emotions look so strong and real, whereas when things really do happen to you, it’s like watching television you don’t feel anything. Right when I was being shot and ever since, I knew that I was watching television. The channels switch, but it’s all television.”
1970s
Andy Warhol and Jimmy Carter in 1977
Compared to the success and scandal of Warhol’s work in the 1960s, the 1970s proved a much quieter decade, as Warhol became more entrepreneurial. According to Bob Colacello, Warhol devoted much of his time to rounding up new, rich patrons for portrait commissions including Shah of Iran Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, his wife Empress Farah Pahlavi, his sister Princess Ashraf Pahlavi, Mick Jagger, Liza Minnelli, John Lennon, Diana Ross, Brigitte Bardot, and Michael Jackson. [citation needed] Warhol’s famous portrait of Chinese Communist leader Mao Zedong was created in 1973. He also founded, with Gerard Malanga, Interview magazine, and published The Philosophy of Andy Warhol (1975). An idea expressed in the book: “Making money is art, and working is art and good business is the best art.”[cite this quote]
Warhol used to socialize at various nightspots in New York City, including Max’s Kansas City; Serendipity 3; and, later in the ’70s, Studio 54. He was generally regarded as quiet, shy, and a meticulous observer. Art critic Robert Hughes called him “the white mole of Union Square.”
1980s
Warhol had a re-emergence of critical and financial success in the 1980s, partially due to his affiliation and friendships with a number of prolific younger artists, who were dominating the “bull market” of ’80s New York art: Jean-Michel Basquiat, Julian Schnabel, David Salle and other so-called Neo-Expressionists, as well as members of the Transavantgarde movement in Europe, including Francesco Clemente and Enzo Cucchi.
By this period, Warhol was being criticized for becoming merely a “business artist”. In 1979, unfavorable reviews met his exhibits of portraits of 1970s personalities and celebrities, calling them superficial, facile and commercial, with no depth or indication of the significance of the subjects. This criticism was echoed for his 1980 exhibit of ten portraits at the Jewish Museum in New York, entitled Jewish Geniuses, which Warhol who exhibited no interest in Judaism or matters of interest to Jews had described in his diary as “They’re going to sell.” In hindsight, however, some critics have come to view Warhol’s superficiality and commerciality as “the most brilliant mirror of our times,” contending that “Warhol had captured something irresistible about the zeitgeist of American culture in the 1970s.”
Warhol also had an appreciation for intense Hollywood glamour. He once said: “I loveLos Angeles. I love Hollywood. They’re so beautiful. everything‘s plastic, but I love plastic. I want to be plastic.”
Sexuality
Many people think of Warhol as “asexual” and merely a “voyeur”; however, it is now well established that he was homosexual (see biographers such as Victor Bockris, Bob Colacello, and art historian Richard Meyer). The question of how Warhol’s sexuality influenced his work and shaped his relationship to the art world is a major subject of scholarship on the artist, and is an issue that Warhol himself addressed in interviews, in conversation with his contemporaries, and in his publications (e.g. Popism: The Warhol Sixties).
Throughout his career, Warhol produced erotic photography and drawings of male nudes. Many of his most famous works (portraits of Liza Minnelli, Judy Garland, and Elizabeth Taylor, and films like Blow job, My Hustler, and Lonesome Cowboys) draw from gay underground culture and/or openly explore the complexity of sexuality and desire. Many of his films premiered in gay porn theaters. That said, some stories about Warhol’s development as an artist revolved around the obstacle his sexuality initially presented as he tried to launch his career. The first works that he submitted to a gallery in the pursuit of a career as an artist were homoerotic drawings of male nudes. They were rejected for being too openly gay. In Popism, furthermore, the artist recalls a conversation with the film maker Emile de Antonio about the difficulty Warhol had being accepted socially by the then more famous (but closeted) gay artists Jasper Johns and Robert Rauschenberg. De Antonio explained that Warhol was “too swish and that upsets them.” In response to this, Warhol writes, “There was nothing I could say to that. It was all too true. So I decided I just wasn’t going to care, because those were all the things that I didn’t want to change anyway, that I didn’t think I ‘should’ want to change… Other people could change their attitudes but not me”. In exploring Warhol’s biography, many turn to this period the late 1950s and early 1960s as a key moment in the development of his persona. Some have suggested that his frequent refusal to comment on his work, to speak about himself (confining himself in interviews to responses like “Um, No” and “Um, Yes”, and often allowing others to speak for him) and even the evolution of his Pop style an be traced to the years when Warhol was first dismissed by the inner circles of the New York art world.
Religious beliefs
Images of Jesus from The Last Supper cycle (1986). Warhol made almost 100 variations on the theme, which the Guggenheim felt “indicates an almost obsessive investment in the subject matter.”
Warhol was a practicing Byzantine Catholic. He regularly volunteered at homeless shelters in New York, particularly during the busier times of the year, and described himself as a religious person. Several of Warhol’s later works depicted religious subjects, including two series, Details of Renaissance Paintings (1984) and The Last Supper (1986). In addition, a body of religious-themed works was found posthumously in his estate.
During his life, Warhol regularly attended Mass, and the priest at Warhol’s church, Saint Vincent’s, said that the artist went there almost daily. His art is noticeably influenced by the eastern christian iconographic tradition which was so evident in his places of worship.
Warhol’s brother has described the artist as “really religious, but he didn’t want people to know about that because [it was] private.” Despite the private nature of his faith, in Warhol’s eulogy John Richardson depicted it as devout: “To my certain knowledge, he was responsible for at least one conversion. He took considerable pride in financing his nephew’s studies for the priesthood”
Death
Warhol died in New York City at 6:32 a.m. on February 22, 1987. According to news reports, he had been making good recovery from a routine gallbladder surgery at New York Hospital before dying in his sleep from a sudden post-operative cardiac arrhythmia. Prior to his diagnosis and operation, Warhol delayed having his recurring gallbladder problems checked, as he was afraid to enter hospitals and see doctors. His family sued the hospital for inadequate care, saying that the arrhythmia was caused by improper care and water intoxication.
Warhol’s grave at St. John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Cemetery
Warhol’s body was taken back to Pittsburgh by his brothers for burial. The wake was at Thomas P. Kunsak Funeral home and was an open-coffin ceremony. The coffin was a solid bronze casket with gold plated rails and white upholstery. Warhol was dressed in a black cashmere suit, a paisley tie, a platinum wig, and sunglasses. He was posed holding a small prayer book and a red rose. The funeral liturgy was held at the Holy Ghost Byzantine Catholic Church on Pittsburgh’s North Side. The eulogy was given by Monsignor Peter Tay. Yoko Ono also made an appearance. The coffin was covered with white roses and asparagus ferns. After the liturgy, the coffin was driven to St. John the Baptist Byzantine Catholic Cemetery in Bethel Park, a south suburb of Pittsburgh. At the grave, the priest said a brief prayer and sprinkled holy water on the casket. Before the coffin was lowered, Paige Powell dropped a copy of Interview magazine, an Interview t-shirt, and a bottle of the Estee Lauder perfume “beautiful” into the grave. Warhol was buried next to his mother and father. Weeks later a memorial service was held in Manhattan for Warhol on April 1, 1987, at St. Patrick’s Cathedral, New York.
Warhol’s will dictated that his entire estate with the exception of a few modest legacies to family members would go to create a foundation dedicated to the “advancement of the visual arts“. Warhol had so many possessions that it took Sotheby’s nine days to auction his estate after his death; the auction grossed more than US$20 million. His total estate was worth considerably more, due in no small part to shrewd investments over the years.[citation needed]
In 1987, in accordance with Warhol’s will, the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts was founded. The Foundation not only serves as the official Estate of Andy Warhol, but also has a mission “to foster innovative artistic expression and the creative process” and is “focused primarily on supporting work of a challenging and often experimental nature.”
The Artists Rights Society is the U.S. copyright representative for the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts for all Warhol works with the exception of Warhol film stills. The U.S. copyright representative for Warhol film stills is the Warhol Museum in Pittsburgh. Additionally, the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts has agreements in place for its image archive. All digital images of Warhol are exclusively managed by Corbis, while all transparency images of Warhol are managed by Art Resource.
The Andy Warhol Foundation released its 20th Anniversary Annual Report as a three-volume set in 2007: Vol. I, 19872007; Vol. II, Grants & Exhibitions; and Vol. III, Legacy Program. The Foundation remains one of the largest grant-giving organizations for the visual arts in the U.S.
Works
Paintings
This section needs references that appear in reliable third-party publications. Primary sources or sources affiliated with the subject are generally not sufficient for a Wikipedia article. Please add more appropriate citations from reliable sources. (February 2009)
By the beginning of the 1960s, Warhol was a very successful commercial illustrator. His detailed and elegant drawings for I. Miller shoes were particularly popular. These illustrations consisted mainly of “blotted ink” drawings (or monoprints), a technique which he applied in much of his early art. Although many artists of this period worked in commercial art, most did so discreetly. Warhol was so successful, however, that his profile as an illustrator seemed to undermine his efforts to be taken seriously as an artist.
Pop Art was an experimental form that several artists were independently adopting; some of these pioneers, such as Roy Lichtenstein, would later become synonymous with the movement. Warhol, who would become famous as the “Pope of Pop”, turned to this new style, where popular subjects could be part of the artist’s palette. His early paintings show images taken from cartoons and advertisements, hand-painted with paint drips. Those drips emulated the style of successful abstract expressionists (such as Willem de Kooning). Warhol’s first Pop Art paintings were displayed in April 1961, serving as the backdrop for New York Department Store Bronwit Teller’s window display. This was the same stage his Pop Art contemporaries Jasper Johns, James Rosenquist and Robert Rauschenberg had also once graced. Eventually, Warhol pared his image vocabulary down to the icon itself to brand names, celebrities, dollar signs and removed all traces of the artist’s “hand” in the production of his paintings.
To him, part of defining a niche was defining his subject matter. Cartoons were already being used by Lichtenstein, typography by Jasper Johns, and so on; Warhol wanted a distinguishing subject. His friends suggested he should paint the things he loved the most. In his signature way of taking things literally, for his first major exhibition he painted his famous cans of Campbell’s Soup, which he claimed to have had for lunch for most of his life. The work sold for $10,000 at an auction on November 17, 1971, at Sotheby’s New York a minimal amount for the artist whose paintings sell for over $6 million more recently.
He loved celebrities, so he painted them as well. From these beginnings he developed his later style and subjects. Instead of working on a signature subject matter, as he started out to do, he worked more and more on a signature style, slowly eliminating the hand-made from the artistic process. Warhol frequently used silk-screening; his later drawings were traced from slide projections. At the height of his fame as a painter, Warhol had several assistants who produced his silk-screen multiples, following his directions to make different versions and variations.
In 1979, Warhol was commissioned by BMW to paint a Group 4 race version of the then elite supercar BMW M1 for the fourth installment in the BMW Art Car Project. Unlike the three artists before him, Warhol declined the use of a small scale practice model, instead opting to immediately paint directly onto the full scale automobile. It was indicated that Warhol spent only a total of 23 minutes to paint the entire car.
Warhol produced both comic and serious works; his subject could be a soup can or an electric chair. Warhol used the same techniques silkscreens, reproduced serially, and often painted with bright colors whether he painted celebrities, everyday objects, or images of suicide, car crashes, and disasters, as in the 196263 Death and Disaster series. The Death and Disaster paintings (such as Red Car Crash, Purple Jumping Man, and Orange Disaster) transform personal tragedies into public spectacles, and signal the use of images of disaster in the then evolving mass media.
The unifying element in Warhol’s work is his deadpan Keatonesque style artistically and personally affectless. This was mirrored by Warhol’s own demeanor, as he often played “dumb” to the media, and refused to explain his work. The artist was famous for having said that all you need to know about him and his works is already there, “Just look at the surface of my paintings and films and me, and there I am. There’s nothing behind it.”
His Rorschach inkblots are intended as pop comments on art and what art could be. His cow wallpaper (literally, wallpaper with a cow motif) and his oxidation paintings (canvases prepared with copper paint that was then oxidized with urine) are also noteworthy in this context. Equally noteworthy is the way these works and their means of production mirrored the atmosphere at Andy’s New York “Factory”. Biographer Bob Colacello provides some details on Andy’s “piss paintings”:
Victor… was Andy’s ghost pisser on the Oxidations. He would come to the Factory to urinate on canvases that had already been primed with copper-based paint by Andy or Ronnie Cutrone, a second ghost pisser much appreciated by Andy, who said that the Vitamin B that Ronnie took made a prettier color when the acid in the urine turned the copper green. Did Andy ever use his own urine? My diary shows that when he first began the series, in December 1977, he did, and there were many others: boys who’d come to lunch and drink too much wine, and find it funny or even flattering to be asked to help Andy ‘paint.’ Andy always had a little extra bounce in his walk as he led them to his studio…
Warhol’s first portrait of Basquiat (1982) is a black photosilkscreen over an oxidized copper “piss painting“.
After many years of silkscreen, oxidation, photography, etc., Warhol returned to painting with a brush in hand in a series of over 50 large collaborative works done with Jean-Michel Basquiat between 1984 and 1986. These were influential for his later work.
Warhol’s The Last Supper cycle was his last series, possibly his largest and seen by some as “arguably his greatest”. It is also the largest series of religious works by any U.S. artist.
Films
Warhol worked across a wide range of media painting, photography, drawing, and sculpture. In addition, he was a highly prolific filmmaker. Between 1963 and 1968, he made more than 60 films , plus some 500 short black-and-white “screen test” portraits of Factory visitors. One of his most famous films, Sleep, monitors poet John Giorno sleeping for six hours. The 35-minute film Blow job is one continuous shot of the face of DeVeren Bookwalter supposedly receiving oral sex from filmmaker Willard Maas, although the camera never tilts down to see this. Another, Empire (1964), consists of eight hours of footage of the Empire State Building in New York City at dusk. The film eat consists of a man eating a mushroom for 45 minutes. Warhol attended the 1962 premiere of the static composition by LaMonte young called Trio for Strings and subsequently created his famous series of static films including Kiss, eat, and Sleep (for which young initially was commissioned to provide music). Uwe Husslein cites filmmaker Jonas Mekas, who accompanied Warhol to the Trio premiere, and who claims Warhol’s static films were directly inspired by the performance.
Batman Dracula is a 1964 film that was produced and directed by Warhol, without the permission of DC Comics. It was screened only at his art exhibits. A fan of the Batman series, Warhol’s movie was an “homage” to the series, and is considered the first appearance of a blatantly campy Batman. The film was until recently thought to have been lost, until scenes from the picture were shown at some length in the 2006 documentary Jack Smith and the Destruction of Atlantis.
Warhol’s 1965 film Vinyl is an adaptation of Anthony Burgess’ popular dystopian novel A Clockwork Orange. Others record improvised encounters between Factory regulars such as Brigid Berlin, Viva, Edie Sedgwick, candy Darling, Holly Woodlawn, Ondine, Nico, and Jackie Curtis. Legendary underground artist Jack Smith appears in the film camp.
His most popular and critically successful film was Chelsea Girls (1966). The film was highly innovative in that it consisted of two 16 mm-films being projected simultaneously, with two different stories being shown in tandem. From the projection booth, the sound would be raised for one film to elucidate that “story” while it was lowered for the other. The multiplication of images evoked Warhol’s seminal silk-screen works of the early 1960s.
Other important films include Bike Boy, My Hustler, and Lonesome Cowboys, a raunchy pseudo-western. These and other titles document gay underground and camp culture, and continue to feature prominently in scholarship about sexuality and art. Blue Movie a film in which Warhol superstar Viva makes love and fools around in bed with a man for 33 minutes of the film’s playing-time was Warhol’s last film as director. The film was at the time scandalous for its frank approach to a sexual encounter. For many years Viva refused to allow it to be screened. It was publicly screened in New York in 2005 for the first time in over thirty years.
After his June 3, 1968, shooting, a reclusive Warhol relinquished his personal involvement in filmmaking. His acolyte and assistant director, Paul Morrissey, took over the film-making chores for the Factory collective, steering Warhol-branded cinema towards more mainstream, narrative-based, B-movie exploitation fare with Flesh, Trash, and Heat. All of these films, including the later Andy Warhol’s Dracula and Andy Warhol’s Frankenstein, were far more mainstream than anything Warhol as a director had attempted. These latter “Warhol” films starred Joe Dallesandro more of a Morrissey star than a true Warhol superstar.
In the early ’70s, most of the films directed by Warhol were pulled out of circulation by Warhol and the people around him who ran his business. After Warhol’s death, the films were slowly restored by the Whitney Museum and are occasionally projected at museums and film festivals. Few of the Warhol-directed films are available on video or dvd.
Factory in New York
Factory: 1342 Lexington Avenue (the first Factory)
The Factory: 231 East 47th street 1963-1967 (the building no longer exists)
Factory: 33 Union Square 1967-1973 (Decker Building)
Factory: 860 Broadway (near 33 Union Square) 1973-1984 (the building has now been completely remodeled and was for a time (2000-2001) the headquarters of the dot-com consultancy Scient)
Factory: 22 East 33rd Street 1984-1987 (the building no longer exists)
In the mid 1960s, Warhol adopted the band The Velvet Underground, making them a crucial element of the Exploding Plastic Inevitable multimedia performance art show. Warhol, with Paul Morrissey, acted as the band’s manager, introducing them to Nico (who would perform with the band at Warhol’s request). In 1966 he “produced” their first album The Velvet Underground & Nico, as well as providing its album art. His actual participation in the album’s production amounted to simply paying for the studio time. After the band’s first album, Warhol and band leader Lou Reed started to disagree more about the direction the band should take, and their artistic friendship ended.[citation needed]
Warhol designed many album covers for various artists starting with the photographic cover of John Wallowitch’s debut album, This Is John Wallowitch!!! (1964). Warhol designed the cover art for The Rolling Stones albums Sticky Fingers (1971) and Love You Live (1977), and the John Cale album Honi Soit in 1981. In 1975, Warhol was commissioned to do several portraits of the band’s frontman Mick Jagger while in 1982, he designed the album cover for the Diana Ross album Silk Electric.[citation needed] One of his last works was a portrait of Aretha Franklin for the cover of her 1986 gold album Aretha, which was done in the style of the Reigning Queens series he had completed the year before.
Warhol was also friendly with many recording artists, including Deborah Harry, Grace Jones, Diana Ross and John Lennon – he designed the cover to Lennon’s 1986 posthumously released Menlove Ave.. Warhol also appeared as a bartender in The Cars’ music video for their single “Hello Again”, and Curiosity Killed The cat‘s video for their “Misfit” single (both videos, and others, were produced by Warhol’s video production company).[citation needed] Warhol featured in Grace Jones’ music video for “I’m Not Perfect (But I’m Perfect for You)”.
Warhol strongly influenced the New Wave/punk rock band Devo, as well as David Bowie. Bowie recorded a song called “Andy Warhol” for his 1971 album Hunky Dory. Lou Reed wrote the song “Andy’s Chest”, about Valerie Solanas, the woman who shot Warhol, in 1968. He recorded it with the Velvet Underground, but this version wasn’t officially released until the VU album appeared in 1985. He recorded a new version for his 1972 solo album Transformer, produced by Bowie and Mick Ronson.[citation needed]
Cover of copy no. 18 of 25 cats Name [sic] Sam and One Blue Pussy by Andy Warhol given in 1954 to Edgar de Evia and Robert Denning when the author was a guest in their home in the Rhinelander Mansion.[citation needed]
Books and print
Beginning in the early 1950s, Warhol produced several unbound portfolios of his work.
The first of several bound self-published books by Warhol was 25 cats Name Sam and One Blue Pussy, printed in 1954 by Seymour Berlin on Arches brand watermarked paper using his blotted line technique for the lithographs. The original edition was limited to 190 numbered, hand colored copies, using Dr. Martin’s ink washes. Most of these were given by Warhol as gifts to clients and friends. Copy #4, inscribed “Jerry” on the front cover and given to Geraldine Stutz, was used for a facsimile printing in 1987 and the original was auctioned in May 2006 for US $35,000 by Doyle New York.
Other self-published books by Warhol include:
A Gold Book
Wild Raspberries
Holy Cats
After gaining fame, Warhol “wrote” several books that were commercially published:
a, A Novel (1968, ISBN 0-8021-3553-6) is a literal transcription containing spelling errors and phonetically written background noise and mumbling of audio recordings of Ondine and several of Andy Warhol’s friends hanging out at the Factory, talking, going out.[citation needed]
The Philosophy of Andy Warhol (From A to B & Back Again) (1975, ISBN 0-15-671720-4) according to Pat Hackett’s introduction to The Andy Warhol Diaries, Pat Hackett did the transcriptions and text for the book based on daily phone conversations, sometimes (when Warhol was traveling) using audio cassettes that Andy Warhol gave her. Said cassettes contained conversations with Brigid Berlin (also known as Brigid Polk) and former Interview magazine editor Bob Colacello.[citation needed]
Popism: The Warhol Sixties (1980, ISBN 0-15-672960-1), authored by Warhol and Pat Hackett is a retrospective view of the sixties and the role of Pop Art.
The Andy Warhol Diaries (1989, ISBN 0-446-39138-7), edited by Pat Hackett, is a diary dictated by Warhol to Hackett in daily phone conversations. Warhol started the diary to keep track of his expenses after being audited, although it soon evolved to include his personal and cultural observations.
Warhol created the fashion magazine Interview that is still published today. The loopy title script on the cover is thought to be either his own handwriting or that of his mother, Julia Warhola, who would often do text work for his early commercial pieces.
Other media
As stated, although Andy Warhol is most known for his paintings and films, he has authored works in many different media.
Drawing: Warhol started his career as a commercial illustrator, producing drawings in “blotted-ink” style for advertisements and magazine articles. Best known of these early works are his drawings of shoes. Some of his personal drawings were self-published in small booklets, such as Yum, Yum, Yum (about food), Ho, Ho, Ho (about Christmas) and (of course) Shoes, Shoes, Shoes. His most artistically acclaimed book of drawings is probably A Gold Book, compiled of sensitive drawings of young men. A Gold Book is so named because of the gold leaf that decorates its pages.
Sculpture: Warhol’s most famous sculpture is probably his Brillo Boxes, silkscreened ink on wood replicas of Brillo soap pad boxes (designed by James Harvey), part of a series of “grocery carton” sculptures that also included Heinz ketchup and Campbell’s tomato juice cases. Other famous works include the Silver Clouds helium filled, silver mylar, pillow-shaped balloons. A Silver Cloud was included in the traveling exhibition air Art (1968-69) curated by Willoughby Sharp. Clouds was also adapted by Warhol for avant-garde choreographer Merce Cunningham’s dance piece RainForest (1968).
Audio: At one point Warhol carried a portable recorder with him wherever he went, taping everything everybody said and did. He referred to this device as his “wife”. Some of these tapes were the basis for his literary work. Another audio-work of Warhol’s was his “Invisible Sculpture”, a presentation in which burglar alarms would go off when entering the room. Warhol’s cooperation with the musicians of The Velvet Underground was driven by an expressed desire to become a music producer.[citation needed]
Time capsules: In 1973, Warhol began saving ephemera from his daily life correspondence, newspapers, souvenirs, childhood objects, even used plane tickets and food which was sealed in plain cardboard boxes dubbed Time capsules. By the time of his death, the collection grew to include 600, individually dated “capsules”. The boxes are now housed at the Andy Warhol Museum.
Television: Andy Warhol dreamed of a television show that he wanted to call The Nothing Special, a special about his favorite subject: Nothing. Later in his career he did create two cable television shows, Andy Warhol’s TV in 1982 and Andy Warhol’s Fifteen Minutes (based on his famous “fifteen minutes of fame” quotation) for MTV in 1986. Besides his own shows he regularly made guest appearances on other programs, including The Love Boat wherein a Midwestern wife (Marion Ross) fears Andy Warhol will reveal to her husband (Tom Bosley, who starred alongside Ross in sitcom Happy Days) her secret past as a Warhol superstar named Marina del Rey. Warhol also produced a TV commercial for Schrafft’s Restaurants in New York City, for an ice cream dessert appropriately titled the “Underground Sundae”.
fashion: Warhol is quoted for having said: “I’d rather buy a dress and put it up on the wall, than put a painting, wouldn’t you?”[cite this quote] One of his most well-known Superstars, Edie Sedgwick, aspired to be a fashion designer, and his good friend Halston was a famous one. Warhol’s work in fashion includes silkscreened dresses, a short sub-career as a catwalk-model and books on fashion as well as paintings with fashion (shoes) as a subject.[citation needed]
Performance Art: Warhol and his friends staged theatrical multimedia happenings at parties and public venues, combining music, film, slide projections and even Gerard Malanga in an S&M outfit cracking a whip. The Exploding Plastic Inevitable in 1966 was the culmination of this area of his work.
Theater: Andy Warhol’s PORK opened on May 5, 1971 at LaMama theater in New York for a two week run and was brought to the Roundhouse in London for a longer run in August, 1971. Pork was based on tape-recorded conversations between Brigin Berlin and Andy during which Brigid would play for Andy tapes she had made of phone conversations between herself and her mother, socialite Honey Berlin. The play featured Jayne County as “Vulva” and Cherry Vanilla as “Amanda Pork”.[citation needed] In 1974, Andy Warhol also produced the stage musical Man On The Moon, which was written by John Phillips of the Mamas and the Papas.
Photography: To produce his silkscreens, Warhol made photographs or had them made by his friends and assistants. These pictures were mostly taken with a specific model of Polaroid camera that Polaroid kept in production especially for Warhol. This photographic approach to painting and his snapshot method of taking pictures has had a great effect on artistic photography. Warhol was an accomplished photographer, and took an enormous amount of photographs of Factory visitors, friends.[citation needed]
computer: Warhol used Amiga computers to generate digital art, which he helped design and build with Amiga, Inc. He also displayed the difference between slow fill and fast fill on live TV with Debbie Harry as a model. (video)
Producer and product
Warhol had assistants in producing his paintings. This is also true of his film-making and commercial enterprises.[citation needed]
He founded the gossip magazine Interview, a stage for celebrities he “endorsed” and a business staffed by his friends. He collaborated with others on all of his books (some of which were written with Pat Hackett.) He adopted the young painter Jean-Michel Basquiat, and the band The Velvet Underground, presenting them to the public as his latest interest, and collaborating with them. One might even say that he produced people (as in the Warholian “Superstar” and the Warholian portrait). He endorsed products, appeared in commercials, and made frequent celebrity guest appearances on television shows and in films (he appeared in everything from Love Boat to Saturday Night Live and the Richard Pryor movie, Dynamite Chicken).[citation needed]
In this respect Warhol was a fan of “Art Business” and “Business Art” he, in fact, wrote about his interest in thinking about art as business in The Philosophy of Andy Warhol from A to B and Back Again.[citation needed]
Dedicated museums
Two museums are dedicated to Andy Warhol. The Andy Warhol Museum, one of the Carnegie Museums of Pittsburgh, is located at 117 Sandusky Street in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. It is the largest American art museum dedicated to a single artist, holding more than 12,000 works by the artist.[citation needed]
The other museum is the Andy Warhol Museum of Modern Art, established in 1991 by Andy’s brother John Warhola, the Slovak Ministry of Culture, and the Warhol Foundation in New York. It is located in the small town of Medzilaborce, Slovakia. Andy’s parents and his two brothers were born 15 kilometres away in the village of Mikov. The museum houses several originals donated mainly by the Andy Warhol Foundation in New York and also personal items donated by Warhol’s relatives.[citation needed]
Movies about Warhol
Dramatic portrayals
Warhol (right) with director Ulli Lommel on the set of 1979′s Cocaine Cowboys, in which Warhol appeared as himself
In 1979, Warhol appeared as himself in the film Cocaine Cowboys.
After his passing, Warhol was portrayed by Crispin Glover in Oliver Stone’s film The Doors (1991), by David Bowie in Basquiat, a film by Julian Schnabel, and by Jared Harris in the film I Shot Andy Warhol directed by Mary Harron (1996). Warhol appears as a character in Michael Daugherty’s 1997 opera Jackie O. Actor Mark Bringleson makes a brief cameo as Warhol in Austin Powers: International Man of Mystery (1997). Many films by avant-garde cineast Jonas Mekas have caught the moments of Andy’s life. Sean Gregory Sullivan depicted Warhol in the 1998 film 54. Guy Pearce portrayed Warhol in the 2007 film, Factory Girl, about Edie Sedgwick’s life. Actor Greg Travis portrays Warhol in a brief scene from the 2009 film Watchmen.
Gus Van Sant was planning a version of Warhol’s life with River Phoenix in the lead role just before Phoenix’s death in 1993.
Documentaries
The 2001 documentary, Absolut Warhola was produced by Polish director Stanislaw Mucha, featuring Warhol’s parents’ family and hometown in Slovakia.
Andy Warhol: A Documentary Film is a reverential four-hour 2006 movie by Ric Burns.
Andy Warhol: Double Denied is a 52 minute movie by lan Yentob about the difficulties in authenticating Warhol’s work: http://www.myandywarhol.eu/videos/videos1.asp
See also
Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to: Andy Warhol
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Andy Warhol
Andy Warhol Art Authentication Board
Painting the Century 101 Portrait Masterpieces 1900-2000
^ “Andy Warhol: Biography”. Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts. 2002. http://www.warholfoundation.org/biograph.htm.
^ Bockris, Victor (1989). The life and death of Andy Warhol. New York City: Bantam Books. pp. 45. ISBN 0-553-05708-1. OCLC 19631216.
^ Colacello, Bob (1991), p.16
^ Guiles, Fred Lawrence (1989). Loner at the ball: the life of Andy Warhol. London: Bantam Books. ISBN 0-593-01540-1. OCLC 19455278. [page needed]
^ Colacello, Bob (1990), p.19
^ Oldham, Andrew; Simon Spence and Christine Ohlman (2002). 2Stoned. London: Secker and Warburg. p. 137. ISBN 0-436-28015-9. OCLC 50215773.
^ Angell, Callie (2006). Andy Warhol screen tests: the films of Andy Warhol: catalogue raisonn. New York City: Harry N. Abrams, Inc.. p. 38. ISBN 0-8109-5539-3. OCLC 61162132.
^ Livingstone, Marco (1992). Pop art: an international perspective. New York City: Rizzoli. p. 32. ISBN 0-8478-1475-0. OCLC 25649248.
^ Lippard, Lucy R. (1970). Pop art. London: Thames & Hudson. p. 158. ISBN 0-500-20052-1. OCLC 220727847.
^ Warhol, Andy (1975). The philosophy of Andy Warhol: from A to B and back again. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0-15-189050-1. OCLC 1121125. [page needed]
^ Colacello, Bob (1990), p.67
^ Schaffner, Ingrid (1999). The Essential Andy Warhol. New York City: Harry N. Abrams. p. 79. ISBN 0-8109-5806-6.
^ Jobey, Liz, “Solanas and son“, The Guardian (Manchester, England) August 24, 1996: page T10 and following. (^ Harding, James (Winter 2001). “The Simplest Surrealist Act: Valerie Solanas and the (Re)Assertion of Avantgarde Priorities”. TDR/The drama Review 45 (4): 142162. doi:10.1162/105420401772990388.
^ a b Warhol, Andy; Pat Hacket (1980). POPism: the Warhol ’60s. New York City: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 287295. ISBN 0-15-173095-4. OCLC 5673923.
^ Stiles, Kristine; Peter Howard Selz (1996). “Warhol in His Own words“. Theories and documents of contemporary art: a sourcebook of artists’ writings. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 345. ISBN 0-520-20251-1. OCLC 31738530.
^ “Andy Warhol Biography: From The Velvet Underground To Basquiat”. http://www.maxskansascity.com/warhol/. Retrieved 2009-01-06. [unreliable source?]
^ Hughes, Robert (2006). Things I didn’t know: a memoir. New York: Knopf. ISBN 1-4000-4444-8. OCLC 64208378. [page needed]
^ a b c Lando, Michal (2008-04-08). “Reexamining Warhol’s Jews”. The Jerusalem Post. http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1207486218796&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
^ Bockris, Victor; Gerard Malanga (2002). Up-tight: the Velvet Underground story. London: Omnibus Press. p. 66. ISBN 0-7119-9170-7. OCLC 49906101.
^ Colacello, Bob (1990). Holy terror: Andy Warhol close up. London: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-016419-0. OCLC 21196706. [page needed]
^ Meyer, Richard (2002). Outlaw representation: censorship and homosexuality in twentieth-century American art. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-510760-8. OCLC 44721027. [page needed]
^ Lobel, Michael (Winter 1966). “Warhol’s closet Andy Warhol We’re Here: Gay and Lesbian Presence in Art and Art history“. Art Journal. http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0425/is_n4_v55/ai_19101783. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
^ Warhol, Andy; Pat Hacket (1980). POPism: the Warhol ’60s. New York City: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. pp. 1112. ISBN 0-15-173095-4. OCLC 5673923.
^ Butt, Gavin (2005). Between you and me: queer disclosures in the New York art world, 1948-1963. Durham, N.C: Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-3486-0. OCLC 57285910. [page needed]
^ Fairbrother, Trevor (1989). “Tomorrow’s Man”. in Donna De Salvo. Success Is a Job in New York: the Early Art and Business of Andy Warhol. New York City: Grey Art Gallery and study Center. pp. 5574. ISBN 0-934349-05-3. OCLC 19826995.
^ Schmuckli, Claudia (1999). “Andy Warhol: The Last Supper”. SoHo: Solomon R. Guggenheim Foundation. http://pastexhibitions.guggenheim.org/warhol/. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
^ a b c d e Romaine, James (2003-11-12). “Transubstantiating the Culture: Andy Warhol’s Secret”. Godspy. http://oldarchive.godspy.com/culture/Andy-Warhol-Transubstantiating-the-Culture.cfm.html. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
^ Boorstin, Robert O. (1987-04-13). “Hospital Asserts it Gave Warhol Adequate Care”. The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE3DA1639F930A25757C0A961948260. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
^ New York Times
^ “Introduction”. The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts. http://www.warholfoundation.org/intro.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-02.
^ “Artists Most Frequently Requested”. Artists Rights Society. http://arsny.com/requested.html. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
^ “Museum info: FAQ”. The Andy Warhol Museum. http://warhol.org/museum_info/faq.html. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
^ “Frequently Asked Questions”. The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts. 2002. http://www.warholfoundation.org/faq.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
^ the Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts. (2007) (PDF). The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts 1987-2007. New York City: The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts. ISBN 0-9765263-1-X. OCLC 180133918. http://www.warholfoundation.org/book2.pdf. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
^ Wachs, Joel; Michael Straus (2002). “Past & Present”. The Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts. http://www.warholfoundation.org/history.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
^ Smith, Patrick S (1986). Andy Warhol’s Art and Films. UMI Research Press. p.98. ISBN 0-8357-1733-X.
^ “Auction Results: Andy Warhol’s Campbell’s Soup Can”. Louise Blouin Media. http://artsalesindex.artinfo.com/artsalesindex/asi/lots/10388409. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
^ Colacello, Bob (1990). Holy terror: Andy Warhol close up. London: HarperCollins. p. 343. ISBN 0-06-016419-0. OCLC 21196706.
^ Chiappini, Rudi (ed.) Jean-Michel Basquiat. Museo d’Arte Moderna /Skira, 2005.
^ a b Dillenberger, Jane (2001). The Religious Art of Andy Warhol. London: Continuum. pp. 1011. ISBN 0-8264-1334-X. OCLC 59540326.
^ “Andy Warhol Filmography”. The internet Movie Database. http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0912238/. Retrieved September 29, 2009.
^ Schaffner (1999), p.73
^ Husslein, Uwe (1990). Pop goes art: Andy Warhol & Velvet Underground. Wuppertal. OCLC 165575494. [page needed]
^ Tinkcom, Matthew (2002). Working like a homosexual: camp, capital, and cinema. Durham, North Carolina: Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-2862-3. OCLC 48098591. [page needed]
^ Surez, Juan Antonio (1996). Bike boys, drag Queens & superstars: avant-garde, mass culture, and gay identities in the 1960s underground cinema. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0-253-32971-X. OCLC 32548890. [page needed]
^ Bego, Mark (2001). Aretha Franklin: The Queen of Soul. Da Capo Press. p. 250. ISBN 0306809354. OCLC 46488152. http://books.google.com/books?id=ErKigdCXUwoC&pg=PA250&lpg=PA250&dq=warhol+album+cover+1986&source=bl&ots=6d-VHAN0LB&sig=zI_LeQmhKl9hs3EFjoz-Fz_JIho&hl=en&ei=SLXPSbvRCtfslQfLsq3qCQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&ct=result. Retrieved 2009-03-29.
^ Russell, John (1987-12-06). “Art”. The New York Times. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DE7DF133DF935A35751C1A961948260. Retrieved 2009-01-05.
^ May 3, 2006 auction at Doyle New York retrieved August 14, 2006
^ Colacello, Bob (1990), p.183
^ Colacello, Bob (1990), pp.22-23
^ Bourdon, David (1989). Warhol. New York City: Harry N. Abrams. p. 51. ISBN 0-8109-1761-0. OCLC 19389231.
^ Staff of The Andy Warhol Museum (2004). Andy Warhol: 365 Takes. New York City: Harry N. Abrams. p. 35. ISBN 0-500-23814-6. OCLC 56117613.
^ Bourdon, David (1989). Warhol. New York City: Harry N. Abrams. p. 231. ISBN 0-8109-1761-0. OCLC 19389231.
^ Staff of The Andy Warhol Museum (2004). Andy Warhol: 365 Takes. New York City: Harry N. Abrams. p. 157. ISBN 0-500-23814-6. OCLC 56117613.
^ Ferguson, Michael (2005). “Underground Sundae”. http://www.joedallesandro.com/sundae.htm. Retrieved 2009-01-06.
^ Bourdon, David (1989). Warhol. New York City: Harry N. Abrams. pp. 221225. ISBN 0-8109-1761-0. OCLC 19389231.
^ [http://design.osu.edu/carlson/history/PDFs/amiga-ieeespectrum.pdf "Amiga: The Computer That Wouldn Die"]. 2001. http://design.osu.edu/carlson/history/PDFs/amiga-ieeespectrum.pdf. Retrieved 2010-01-31.
^ Lommel, Ulli (director). Cocaine Cowboys
^ Hickenlooper, George (director). Factory Girl
^ Sant, Gus Van (2000). My Own Private Idaho. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-20259-4. OCLC 247737051. [page needed]
^ TLA Releasing (2004-03-09). “TLA Releasing Unveils the past of Famed Artist Andy Warhol to Reveal a Story Few Ever Imagined in: Absolut Warhola” (PDF). Press release. http://www.tlavideo.com/images/assets/97.pdf. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
^ Holden, Stephen (2006-09-01). “A Portrait of the Artist as a Visionary, a Voyeur and a Brand-Name Star”. The New York Times. http://movies.nytimes.com/2006/09/01/movies/01warh.html. Retrieved 2009-01-09.
Further reading
“A symposium on Pop Art”. Arts Magazine, April 1963, pp. 3645. The symposium was held in 1962, at The Museum of Modern Art, and published in this issue the following year.
Bockris, Victor (1997). Warhol: The Biography. New York: Da Capo Press. ISBN 030681272X.
Colacello, Bob (1990). Holy Terror: Andy Warhol Close Up. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-016419-0.
Dillenberger, Jane D. (2001). The Religious Art of Andy Warhol. New York City: Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 0-8264-1334-X. http://books.google.com/books?id=KemglT-1jSIC.
Doyle, Jennifer, Jonathan Flatley, and Jos Esteban Muoz eds. (1996). Pop Out: Queer Warhol. Durham: Duke University Press.
Garrels, Gary (1989). The Work of Andy Warhol: Discussions in Contemporary Culture, no. 3.. Beacon NY: Dia Art Foundation.
Guiles, Fred Lawrence (1989). Loner at the Ball: The Life of Andy Warhol. New York: Bantam. ISBN 0593015401.
James, James, “Andy Warhol: The Producer as Author”, in Allegories of Cinema: American Film in the Sixties (1989), pp. 5884. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Koestenbaum, Wayne (2003). Andy Warhol. New York: Penguin. ISBN 0670030007.
Krauss, Rosalind E. “Warhol’s Abstract Spectacle”. In Abstraction, Gesture, Ecriture: Paintings from the Daros Collection. New York: Scalo, 1999, pp. 12333.
Lippard, Lucy R., Pop Art, Thames and Hudson, 1970 (1985 reprint), ISBN 0-500-20052-1
Livingstone, Marco; Dan Cameron and Royal Academy (1992). Pop art: an international perspective. New York: Rizzoli. ISBN 0-8478-1475-0.
Michelson, Annette (2001). Andy Warhol (October Files). Cambridge MA: The MIT Press.
Scherman, Tony & Dalton, David, POP: The Genius of Andy Warhol, HarperCollins, New York, N.Y. 2009
Suarez, Juan Antonio (1996). Bike Boys, Drag Queens, & Superstars: Avant-Garde, Mass Culture, and Gay Identities in the 1960s Underground Cinema. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press.
Watson, Steven (2003). Factory Made: Warhol and the Sixties. New York: Pantheon. ISBN 0679423729. http://www.factorymade.org/.
Yau, John (1993). In the Realm of Appearances: The Art of Andy Warhol. Hopewell, NJ: Ecco Press. ISBN 0880012986.
External links
David Cronenberg speaking about the work of Andy Warhol on UbuWeb
Warhol Foundation in New York City
Time Capsules: the Andy Warhol collection
“Andy Warhol”. New York City: Museum of Modern Art. 2007. http://www.moma.org/collection/browse_results.php?criteria=O:AD:E:6246&page_number=1&template_id=6&sort_order=1. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
Warholstars: Andy Warhol Films, Art and Superstars
Pop Art Masters – Andy Warhol
Art Directors Club biography, portrait and images of work
Berens, Stephen (Fall 2002). “Responses to Warhol Retrospective at MOCA”. X-TRA (Los Angeles: Project X Foundation for Art and Criticism) 5 (1). http://x-traonline.org/past_articles.php?articleID=157. Retrieved 2009-01-23.
“Warhol, Soup Cans, Cowboys” (Studio 360 radio program, December 10, 2005)
exhibition of 10 statues of liberty in Gallerie Lavignes bastille, Paris 1986
The Andy Warhol Museum of Modern Art – city of origin
Andy Warhol makes a digital painting of Debbie Harry at the Commodore Amiga product launch press conference in 1985.
v d e
Andy Warhol
Artworks
Campbell’s Soup Cans (1962) Marilyn Diptych (1962) Green Coca-Cola Bottles (1962) Shot Marilyns (1964) Exploding Plastic Inevitable (1966) Big Electric chair (1967) Campbell’s Soup Cans II (1969) Portrait of Seymour H. Knox (1985) Camouflage Self-Portrait (1986)
Films
Sleep (1963) Screen Tests (19646) Blow Job (1964) Eat (1963) Batman Dracula (1964) Empire (1964) Taylor Mead’s Ass (1964) Vinyl (1965) Poor Little Rich Girl (1965) beauty No. 1 (1965) beauty No. 2 (1965) More Milk, Yvette (1965) eating Too Fast (1966) The Velvet Underground and Nico: A symphony of Sound (1966) Salvador Dal (1966) Chelsea Girls (1966) I, a Man (1967) Lonesome Cowboys (1968) Blue Movie (1969) L’Amour (1973)
Books
25 Cats Name Sam and One Blue Pussy (1954) a, A Novel (1968) The Philosophy of Andy Warhol (1975) Popism: The Warhol Sixties (1980) Diaries
Milieu
The Factory The Velvet Underground Warhol Superstars
Miscellaneous
15 minutes of fame Andy Warhol Art Authentication Board Interview
Museums
The Andy Warhol Museum Andy Warhol Museum of Modern Art
v d e
The Velvet Underground
John Cale Sterling Morrison Lou Reed Maureen Tucker Doug Yule
Willie Alexander Angus MacLise Walter Powers Billy Yule
Studio albums
The Velvet Underground & Nico White Light/White Heat The Velvet Underground Loaded Squeeze
Live albums
Live at Max’s Kansas City 1969 Live MCMXCIII Final V.U. The Quine Tapes
After Hours All Tomorrow’s Parties European Son Femme Fatale Here She Comes Now Heroin I Heard Her Call My Name I’ll Be Your Mirror I’m Waiting for the Man Lady Godiva’s Operation new age Pale Blue eyes Rock & Roll Run Run Run Sister Ray Stephanie Says Sunday Morning Sweet Jane The Black Angel’s Death Song The Gift There She Goes Again Venus in Furs White Light/White Heat
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Monsieur Pierre Dubost, a professional in cutlery, who was himself a cutler’s son, founded Dubost Colas Pradel in 1920. They started in a small workshop but rapidly grew under the inspiration of Jean Dubost, the founder’s son. The bumblebee that is found on all the Laguiole knives is one of the emblems of the area, signifying its reliability The blade, made of high-grade stainless steel, is stampe…
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There’s an extra coat of hot wax on Pixar’s vibrant, NASCAR-influenced comedy about a world populated entirely by cars. Lightning McQueen (voiced by Owen Wilson) is the slick rookie taking the Piston Cup series by storm when the last race of the season (the film’s high-octane opening) ends in a three-way tie. On the way to the tie-breaker race in California, Lightning loses his way off Route 66 in…
Disney Presents a Pixar Film, THE INCREDIBLES. From the Academy Award(R) winning creators of FINDING NEMO (2003 Best Animated Feature Film) comes the action-packed animated adventure about the mundane and incredible lives of a house full of superheroes. Bob Parr and his wife Helen used to be among the world’s greatest crime fighters, saving lives and battling evil on a daily basis. Fifteen years l…
American Idol 7: Top 5 Performances, Live Thoughts
On the recent episode of FOX’s American Idol season 7, the top five finalists each performed two songs from Neil Diamond. Below is a recap of the episode.
Jason Castro, the 20-year-old contestant from Rowlett , Texas , sang “Forever in Blue jeans” and “September Moon.” Randy said it was okay but definitely not the best. Paula said she thought both songs were safe and told Jason to get out of his comfort zone. Simon commented it was purely forgettable.
David cook chose to sing “I’m Alive” and “All I Really Need Is You”. Randy said it was blazing and added that he’s a huge David cookfan that night. Paula sais she felt she was already looking at the American Idol, while Simon described his arrangement as smart and well done. Cook is 25 years old and hails from Tulsa , Oklahoma .
Twenty-four-year-old Brooke White of Van Nuys , California performed “I’m a Believer” and “I Am I Said”. Randy said she did a nice job, Paula said her performance showed her vulnerability and Simon said her second song was a million times better than the first song.
Salt Lake City, Utah bet David Archuleta did a rendition of “Sweet Caroline” and “ America ”. Randy said Archuleta was definitely in the zone. Paula, on the other hand, said she wanted to see the joy, the spirit, the prodigy and the little savant she used to see. Simon said the song choice was clever. Archuleta is 17 years old.
Syesha Mercado’s songs were “Hello Again” and “Thank the Lord for the Nighttime”. Randy liked it and said Syesha was finally realizing who she is. Paula said the softness in her voice makes her a toss-up between Corinne Bailey Rae and Minnie Riperton. Randy said she demonstrated her being a good actress and singer but also told Syesha that she may be in trouble. Syesha is 21 and comes from Miami , Florida . About the Author
Though considered a country footnote–she’s the woman Dolly Parton replaced in Porter Wagoner’s show–Norma Jean was, along with Loretta Lynn, the bridge between Nashville female pioneers Kitty Wells and Patsy Cline and the late-1960s crop led by Dolly and Tammy Wynette (Norma’s “Then Go Home to Her” is a Tammy template). Her voice had a creaminess that might have carried crossover potential in a …
Hey i just bought these levis SKIN TIGHT skinny jeans and im a guy. what should i wear with them? i hate skater brands like volcom and etc. shirts . all the shirts i have are preppy shirts like polo or tommy hilfiger or abercrombie and they are all in bright colors like orange yellow aquamarine etc. with all neck collars . can i where them with that ? and for shoes i am a sneaker person and i have a COACH brown sneakers, green and white converse, and ed hardy slip ons with skulls on them and words that say destroy and death. i dont want to look like a sk8ter person or a goth person. im just a preppy kid with black skintight skinny jeans
for shoes go with a safe green and white converse scince you are not looking for something goth. converse always look good with skinny jeans and are good for both punk and preppy looks so you cant go wrong with converse. shirts. go with a shirt a little big for you beacuse bigger shirts look good with skinny jeans expesialy for a non goth look. choose something striped green and white or an abercrombie shirt that has green and white on it. you want to make sere that you shirt has green on it so it looks good with your shoes.
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Does it look funny when girls with skinny calves wear jeggings or skinny jeans? I’m afraid to wear them because my calves are not big like some people I see wearing them. Should I buy a pair or not?
If you’re not super skinny, then they should be okay. Just make sure that you try them on before you buy them and that they will be tight against your legs….they begin to look bad when you’re legs are so skinny that the jeggings are loose on them. It defeats the purpose of having jeggings or skinny jeans if they’re loose!
